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The eureka effect (also known as the aha! moment or eureka moment) refers to the common human experience of suddenly understanding a previously incomprehensible problem or concept. Some research describes the aha! effect (also known as insight or epiphany) as a memory advantage,〔Auble, P., Franks, J., Soraci, S. (1979) "Effort toward comprehension: Elaboration or aha!?" Memory & Cognition 7, 426–434.〕 but conflicting results exist as to where exactly it occurs in the brain, and it is difficult to predict under what circumstances one can predict an Aha! moment. Insight is a psychological term that attempts to describe the process in problem solving when a previously unsolvable puzzle becomes suddenly clear and obvious. Often this transition from not understanding to spontaneous comprehension is accompanied by an exclamation of joy or satisfaction, an Aha! moment. A person utilizing insight to solve a problem is able to give accurate, discrete, all-or-nothing type responses, whereas individuals not using the insight process are more likely to produce partial, incomplete responses.〔Kounios, Fleck, Green, Payne, Stevenson, Bowden, & Jung-Beeman (2008) ''The Origins of Insight in Resting-State Brain Activity''. Neuropsychologia. 46, 281–291.〕 A recent theoretical account of the Aha! moment started with four defining attributes of this experience. First, the Aha! moment appears suddenly; second, the solution to a problem can be processed smoothly, or fluently; third, the Aha! moment elicits positive affect; fourth, a person experiencing the Aha! moment is convinced that a solution is true. These four attributes are not separate but can be combined because the experience of processing fluency, especially when it occurs surprisingly (for example, because it is sudden), elicits both positive affect and judged truth.〔Topolinski, S., & Reber, R. (2010). Gaining insight into the "Aha"-experience. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', 19, 402-405.〕〔Wray, H. (2011, January). Aha! The 23-Across Phenomenon. ''APS Observer, 24(1)''.〕 Insight can be conceptualized as a two phase process. The first phase of an Aha! experience requires the problem solver to come upon an impasse, where they become stuck and even though they may seemingly have explored all the possibilities, are still unable to retrieve or generate a solution. The second phase occurs suddenly and unexpectedly. After a break in mental fixation or re-evaluating the problem, the answer is retrieved.〔Qui & Zhang (2008) ''"Aha! Effects in a Guessing Chinese Logograph Task: An Event-Related Potential Study.'' Chinese Science Bulletin. 53 (3), 384–391.〕 Some research suggest that insight problems are difficult to solve because of our mental fixation on the inappropriate aspects of the problem content.〔Mai, Luo, J., Wu & Lo, Y. (2004) ''"Aha!" Effects in a Guessing Riddle Task: An Event-Related Potential Study''. Human Brain Mapping 22, 261–270.〕 In order to solve insight problems, one must "think outside the box". It is this elaborate rehearsal that may cause people to have better memory for Aha! moments. Insight is believed to occur with a break in mental fixation, allowing the solution to appear transparent and obvious. ==History and etymology== The effect is named from a story about the ancient Greek polymath Archimedes. In the story, Archimedes was asked (c. 250 BC) by the local king to determine whether a crown was pure gold. During a subsequent trip to a public bath, Archimedes noted that water was displaced when his body sank into the bath, and particularly that the volume of water displaced equaled the volume of his body immersed in the water. Having discovered how to measure the volume of an irregular object, and conceiving of a method to solve the king's problem, Archimedes allegedly leaped out and ran home naked, shouting "eureka" (I have found it). This story is now thought to be fictional, because it was first mentioned by the Roman writer Vitruvius nearly 200 years after date of the alleged event, and because the method described by Vitruvius would not have worked.〔(Fact or Fiction?: Archimedes Coined the Term "Eureka!" in the Bath ), Scientific American〕 However, Archimedes certainly did important, original work in hydrostatics, notably in his On Floating Bodies. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Eureka effect」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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